overview and introduction to the analytical pressure research
first Introduction
second Objectives of the analytical pressure research
third History
4th Methods of stress analysis
5th Paper
5.1. Paper sizes
5.2. Paper and quality
5.3. Watermark
6th Printing type
6.1. Classification of publications
6.2. Determination unfirmierter prints by type comparison
6.3. The Typenrepertorium by Konrad Haebler
6.4. Print initials
7th The printing plate and other components
7.1. Conceptual overview
7.2. Arc signature sheets standard, prime, and second
7.3. Running head
7.4. Number of rows and Schuster Young widow
7.5. Abbreviations and ligatures
7.6. Forme
7.7. Location
8th Variance
8.1. Important terms
8.2. Variance types
8.3. Satzindifferente variance
8.4. Internal rate variance
8.5. Set Differente variance
9th Kollationierungsmethoden and equipment
10th Notations, such as fingerprint and location formula
11th Conclusion
12th Bibliography
first Introduction
applies pressure in the research, that the hand set is as unique and distinctive with leaden letters as a signature. There are several reasons: The first printer
poured by mid-16th Century printing types have their own printer at any of the early period of pressure, therefore, had a distinctive font, where you can see the workshop today. Also, the respective successors of the printer used more often the type set. Only in the second half of the 16th Century, gradually took over the production of type founder type material and sold it to the printers.
But even after the trades were increasingly differentiated in print production, disposal or any printer using its "own" Type material. The reason: the high pressure, which acts within the printing press to the types with their often very delicate serifs constituted, created minor damage to the letters. These so-called Korruptelbildung creates an individual print.
Another reason must be seen in the small-scale activities of the translator: He could put the text in Justified, he had Spatien between the words, that put "space". The distribution of these Spatien was not always the same, but was found during the setting and therefore was always a little matter of chance. This means that each edition was unique. With funding from the hand set can not therefore created a unique set of 1:1 reproduced. It therefore subject to a error , if in connection with printing from hand set time (end: the invention of automatic typesetting machine in 1886, known as Linotype, by Otto Mergenthaler) of "multiple copies" or "duplicate" speaks. First, the comparison makes multiple copies of an edition that is it even possible to determine whether the printed form of the text reflects the intention of the author, or is caused by failure of the sentence.
fact that often the smallest changes of the printed image can distort the meaning, shows the following example [1]:
Here, the book studies provide a philological contribution to the text reconstruction. But for the purpose of dating and identification of pressure makes the analytical pressure research makes a valuable contribution: So in the history of printing, although many attempts (first) copy editions (see pirated) but can be determined by methods of collating whether it is re-setting or not.
The following text will give an overview of the key concepts, methods and tools for the determination of pressure and pressure variance identity, not least for the antiquarian book trade, but also accounts for scientific questions, the methods of analytical Pressure Research is an essential tool for determining a print product.
As a description of the analytical pressure research is always a description of the entire book production process, this is text on important aspects and materials such as paper, watermarks, type, print initials, layer structure and the historical development of the printing research.
second Objectives of the analytical pressure research
There are four major task areas of analytical research pressure can be determined:
First : distinguishing different editions of a print product in a print shop: This is, you think of valuable first editions, especially in the antiquarian book trade is critical.
Second : Company name and date of printing: By Type Analysis and Type comparison with already developed and certain types of prints can be determined by the absence of imprint.
Third : Reconstruction of no more existing original texts, which only exist in manuscripts and prints. Often located in historical texts of the original author no longer. Immediately come to mind the Nibelungenlied or the Canterbury Tales, or the study of the Shakespeare prints. Which of the traditional print products come closest to the original can be determined by pressure-analytical methods.
Fourth : Reconstruction of working procedures of a pharmacy. Thus, the entire craft and technical field of printing is meant. Sun Charlton Hinman in 1960 by comparing the printed image Fist Folio Edition of the works of William Shakespeare, printed in 1623, demonstrated among other things, that at least five translators were involved in the making. This was achieved by the discovery of defective single types, which occurred in a repetitive sequence within the pressure, but also by the comparison of running heads, which remain the same per print form. In the exploration of the Gutenberg Bible, for example by HUMI-Projekt/Mari Tomioka [2], the analytical pressure research is evident also in the printing workflow.
third History
[3] The origins of the analytical pressure research are in the bibliophile tendencies of the great collectors of the 17th and 18 Century in England. Thanks to them, many different copies of works have received that have entered the collections of major libraries and could be examined there very detailed comparison. In particular, the Shakespeare studies in the 18th Century ago, is regarded as the initial spark for this research interest, as no hand-written testimonies of the author are preserved, could provide information on its original wording and intentions. Thus, the prints will be investigated, especially the First Folio edition, - This is the first collected edition of Shakespeare's works, printed seven years after his death, with a circulation of 1,000 copies. Still about 230 copies remain, under which 40 textual variants have been identified. This begs the question: how is it about the differences, what are they and most of all: what is closest to the original? Over the time, but also more and more interesting question of what information we can learn from these differences over the printing process. From the end of the 19th Century developed from the research direction of England and was taken mostly in the U.S..
The Analytical Pressure Research in England
pioneers:
William Blades (1824-1890)
Henry Bradshaw (1831-1886)
Robert Proctor (1868-1903)
1892: Founding of the Bibliographical Society in London
Important representatives:
Alfred William Pollard (1859-1944)
Brunless Ronald McKerrow (1872-1940)
Sir Walter Wilson Greg (1875-1959)
Today's researchers
Lotte Hellinga
Paul Needham
The Analytical Pressure Research in the U.S.
1927: Founding of the Bibliographical Society of America (BSA)
most important representative : Fredson Thayer Bowers
(1905-1991)
Today's researchers
G. Thomas Tanselle
Terry Belanger (Rare Book School, Virginia)
The Analytical Pressure Research in Germany
pioneer: Adolf Friedrich Ebert
(1791-1834)
Important representatives:
Konrad Haebler (1857-1946) Gustav
milk bag (1850-1919) Gustav Adolf Erich
Bogeng (1881-1961)
Martin Boghardt (1936-1998)
Today's researchers
Herbert Kraft (b. 1938)
Christoph Reske
4th Methods of stress analysis
following steps called Martin Boghardt [4]:
a. bibliographic collection: distortion of typographical and physical characteristics.
b. bibliogenetische development: technical interpretation characteristics, comparison of all available copies an edition.
c. textual interpretation: influence of pressure on the text form.
The bibliographic collection is a necessary framework for further research: on this level all the typographical and physical characteristics are recorded, ie the
- the "primary" bibliographic information: author, title, location, year, etc.
- Information on the research literature
- the nature of the paper
- Types
- layering
- Binding
- Says so on
The bibliogenetische
development on the one hand the technical interpretation of the features, and for the comparison of all available copies of an edition (variance analysis) - Provenance entries
: Reconstruction of the production, dating, etc.
The textual interpretation finally examined the influence of pressure on the text form.
5th Paper
for changes in the printed image must not be only damaged the cause types, such factors as the nature of the Surface of the paper, the use of different types of paper or paper may damage as possible reasons for variance within the printed image can not be excluded, but must be further investigated. basic rule is that any exchange of papers within a print or an edition, a first indication of possible re-setting, variance, substitutions, etc. can be.
Only further studies confirm or reject a hypothesis. Means of identification of different papers include:
- longitudinal and transverse ribs incoherence
course - Differences in the quality / variety (composition)
- watermark that can be an indication of pressure variations and dating counterfeit
The following picture shows Schöpfsieb with the lid on the context. The watermark text is a mirror image attached:
Here are the fin structure (usually made of copper wire), with thin longitudinal ribs and the thick transverse ribs, which run from top to bottom. The distance between the transverse ribs is about 2-3 cm.
look at this schematic figure is the structure more precisely
on the wire side of the paper scooped you will see exactly this structure again.
5.1. Paper sizes
With this information one can determine in most cases, the natural format of a book. It calls also the bibliographic format and can not be determined by measurement, but only by the folding of the sheet:
If you hold individual pages to the light and sees that the transverse ribs are perpendicular, one can assume that a once folded sheet, so a folio format, because the Schöpfsieb the size of a folio Doppelblattes.Verlaufen the thick ribs in a horizontal position, this will be a quarto (4 °), because a sheet is folded to this size 2x. the octave (8 °) turn, has thick vertical ribs, etc. Whether it's a Folio (2 °) or octave is - both formats with a vertical cross ribs - is based on the different size of the books easily determined by eye are:
The watermarks are located in different places depending on the format, since the position was on the screen always the same: it was always in the middle of one of the two wire side, usually the left.
would thus use the made paper sheets for a Quart size: one can see that the watermark then exactly in the fold is located and difficult to recognize is, especially, because the characters often differ only slightly. In the octave, it would be similar, because the character is located at the outer corners.
Besides bibliographic format that is thus determined by the arrangement and folding of the sheets, there is a measurable format: This is the library Format:
There are specifying that all books are categorized with a spine of less than 25 cm in length as octave, all the books with a back height of 25 to 35cm as a fourth and all higher Folio Books.
5.2. Different types of paper and quality
paper is evident from the composition. This is not always easy, because the raw materials and the raw material mixture can not usually see without aids. Clearly is to say that paper from wood pulp or wood pulp with a high proportion of poor quality, since the paper by the lignin in the wood quickly yellow and brittle is. Cellulose as a raw material and rags are much more durable.
5.3. Watermark
particularly helpful for the dating of a paper or for the determination of a paper mill / a producer is the detailed examination of the watermark. The earliest known water mark was used in 1282 in Bologna.
are aids to the watermark determination, the works of two researchers:
Charles Moise Briquet (1839-1918): Swiss paper maker
appeared in 1907 his four-volume work Les Filigree with a total of 16 112 original large watermark in alphabetical order. The collection dates to 1600, you can sign up to + / - 10 years to determine exactly.
Gerhard August Karl Bickley called "Piccard" (1909-1989):
was published in 1961 his 25-volume work, ground floor of the online database, classified by material contexts. The collection of recorded character from the end of the 13th Century to 1650, you can sign up to + / - 4 years to determine exactly.
6th Printing type
applies when determining examples of specific features of a pressure, it is not only an ornament, provenance available, purchase prices, recorded binding stamps, missing pages and documents, but also changes in the printed image between individual pressure variations. Often damaged type material the cause. Therefore, we turn first to the smallest typographical unit, type or print the letter, too. Printing type, letters, punctuation, spaces, abbreviations, ligatures, initials, etc.. First, briefly called the most popular publications and listed the distinguishing characteristics.
6.1. Classification of publications
Roughly said divided the publications into round and broken fonts.
A.
first round magazines Renaissance Antiqua
second Baroque-Antiqua
third Classicist Antiqua
B. Fractional writings
first Textura
second Rotunda / Gothic / Rotunda 3rd
Schwabacher
4th Fracture
to the round publications include the roman fonts. The most important publications include the broken Textura, the Gothic, Schwabacher and Fraktur.
Renaissance Antiqua
was early 1469 Renaissance Antiqua used by the Italian first printers Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz. It is known to Polipilus-roman type, the average Francesco de Bologna for Aldus Manutius. This refined in 1530 by Claude Garamond on. The Renaissance Antiqua is recognized by the oblique axis position of the curves.
Baroque-Antiqua
The Baroque Roman type is known, among other things by the printer John Basque Ville. It is recognized by a near-vertical axis position of the curves.
Classicist Antiqua
The classical Roman was very popular at the time of the Enlightenment. Here is the Bodoni-Antiqua to name. Distinguishing feature is the vertical axis position of the curves. In the 12-14. Century was the most common Gothic minuscule book hand. For liturgical purposes, was a particularly ornamental and static acting variant which Textura developed. In Italy, Southern France and Spain took this severe form of Gothic little support, so there developed a round writing, the Rotunda.
Textura Textura is visible on both sides, broken O.
Rotunda
The Rotunda can be recognized by the inclined axis position and the curvature of the lower case. It is the most similar to Antiqua.
The Schwabacher Schwabacher is the writing of the peasant wars of the early German Renaissance. For example, the Nuremberg Chronicle was printed with the Schwabacher. Features: The small o has sharp corners and a vertical axis position and also rounded on the sides. Another distinguishing feature: The small g often looks like a broken "y".
fracture
The fracture was the end of the Renaissance. The small o is broken on one side to the other round.
6.2. Determination unfirmierter prints by type comparison
As mentioned in the introduction, used the Printer until the middle of the 16th Century self-made and cast types. By comparing the printed image of a business ran a printing business ran no one can see the pharmacy by an unknown pressure according to the printed image. Bradshaw and Robert Proctor were the first at the beginning of the 20th Century had begun systematically to, printing types to classify the incunabula. The most systematic approach pursued but Konrad Haebler.
6.3. The Typenrepertorium by Konrad Haebler
The Typenrepertorium by Konrad Haebler [5] listed in typed form 101 M-capital letters and links them with printers, printing works and pressure cities. To determine required is an M majuscule (... this sign has the largest Differentiated). Next, we measure with a ruler 20 rows and then hits the table of the determined "M" shape and trying to find the version with the correct line height. Not always, but there are 20 rows. In the manufacture of printing, which was for liturgical purposes, such as the reading of the show were designed, printed with extra large type. Often, therefore, only 10, or even only 5 lines are measured. Haebler recorded for these cases, corresponding to 10 or 5 lines. The number of rows is always given together with the specified dimensions.
(page from the Nuremberg Chronicle)
What about the printing of the 16th Century later?
Haebler had prints from the 15th Century covered. But also for the determination of prints from the 16th Century can be taken advantage of this method. So used Schöffer Johann, son of Peter Elder Schöffer the printing type of his father's. Towards the end of the 16th Century is a clear correlation between type and the printer is no longer possible.
6.4. Print initials
can also very helpful in the company name of Print it may be, the initial pressure with pre-recorded and compared to a printer assigned initials. Serves as the list of initials of Konrad Haebler pressure [5]. Thanks to its graphic language, it provides a good description of the most common types of print initials. He divided them roughly into patterned and decorated initials. Figured he speaks of when the initial letters form no leaves, decorated by if the shape of the initial flourish of the letter form exceeds normal.
overview of important terms:
Lombards, full, not full, with and without beads
Xylograph (= cut in wood) I.
Calligraphic I.
contour-I.
I with figurative representation in the interior
I on a white ground (= frame)
made I on patterned ground
I from animal figures
together I from human figures
decorative initial with foliage
ornamental initials with a human head
ornamental letters on coarsely ground
example of a full Lombard Beads in
example of patterned decorative initials on patterned ground:
example of a richly decorated Lombard:
example of a decorative initial with foliage, white on black:
7th The printing plate and other components
The smallest independent element is the page. It is part of the leaf, which is part of a double, this is Part of the sheet from which either alone a folded position, or the other sheets will be combined into one location, only to be bound into a book block. Each page has space for one or more columns, a column title, a line that is located above the column, empty spaces between the blade end and the columns, Gutter, Outdoor, headache and footbridge called printed comments that the side of the columns of text and there were often set in a font size reduction are curators, arch standards, page numbers, to name the most important components.
7.1. Conceptual overview
The most important terms that are needed for the description are:
column
running headlines
gutter
outer web
head web
footbridge
marginalia
Bullet
number of pages (pagination), leaf number / foliation
curators
sheet signature = Number of sheets = standard sheet
author, short title, edition 7.2. Arc signature sheets standard, prime, and second
on the sheet are arc signature and norm-2x as Mark noted for the bookbinder: On the side of a printed sheet, which would be after the fold at the beginning, is the prime: that is a combination of sheet signature bow and standard. On the side of a printed sheet that will be after the fold the third side, the second is marked: this is still the arc signature alone.
case sheets for an octavo would look like this:
The film also shows the same two additional terms: the obverse side and the reverse side: The obverse side is the one that comes first in the press (first printing, front), corresponding to the reverse side to that is then printed (second printing, reverse)
7.3. Running head
On the last graph can be claimants, foliation, margin notes, and - this is common in old stands: a two-part column title (headline) found. The column title is under pressure analytical point of particular interest. This is in fact similar to periodic trims well suited to further investigations: One can investigate, whether running heads and trim because of labor savings were preserved in the compressed form, when new columns are set. It was already pointed out that a Neusatz never just like the model so that you can tell by comparing whether the title has been newly set or allowed to stand. The recurrence rate of identical column title can be determined by how many forms of pressure was used and in which measure the pressure process occurred. For example, the Oktavdrucks: if consecutive 16 headlines are found to vary slightly in their position, but then, this variation is repeated in the same way, ie if the column title of the page 17 is identical to that of first page, then one concludes that the printer with exactly 2 printing plates used to work. With the Hinman Collator can determine this for example - with the naked eye, the differences would not be seen well.
The column should always have all the pressure over a fixed number of lines on each side. To avoid an orphan or widow an exception is possible. From a orphans says the translator, if the first line of a paragraph is also the last line of the page. The bastard is according to the last line of a paragraph, which is also the first line of a new page. If it comes to line variations which are not incurred to avoid Schuster and orphans, have errors in the calculation of the sentence or other irregularities are expected during the printing process. These features characterize a run.
7.5. Abbreviations and ligatures
What occurs in such cases is a subsequent reduction or enlargement of the text for space-saving in paper or subsequent sanctions for making false increase or advance estimate. Characteristic of sentence calculation errors are:
abbreviations (abbreviations =) and contractions (= ligatures)
7.6. Forme
The printing plate is the largest typographic unit. For various sheet sizes are available to the printing various printing forms. The schema of the printing forms is therefore specific format: A
octavo of a printed sheet is folded, for example, 3x, so that you get 8 sheets or 16 pages. When Oktavdruck in general, the simultaneous use of four printing plates was normal. This is the text for two sheets, ie for 32 pages. In a 320-page book that was just a tenth of the "sentence" that had to be made.
7.7. Location
The printer is not the text pages, but in layers, which began with the internal situation:
would This figure followed the pages 6 and 7, from 5 and 8 in the printing. In the Folio, it was common to form layers of 3 sheets that were folded to fit the paper size according 1x. Was reacted layers each with 12 pages.
are for the positions are different names that are used especially in manuscripts and early printed:
As Binio refers to a layer of 2 double sheets,
Ternio has 3 double leaves,
Quaternio 4,
Quinio 5,
Sexternio 6th
thicker layers than the Sexternio are very rare. The theme is taken up position in Chapter notation again, then it is about different ways to structure distortion of the situation in a book.
8th variance
The term describes the pressure variance Pressure Research Analytical differences in the print copies of the results of a closed printing process and are therefore part of a (!) Constraints. These differences are the result of interventions or changes in the printed form and that before, during or after the printing process . These interventions were necessary, for example by damage to individual types, but also by record correction during printing, it was up to the 19th Century Offizinen customary to produce no first and second proof, but errors during To resolve the pressure of the support. The easiest way to determine pressure variations is to compare different copies of a printed work together, only by this comparison can be ascertained, whether it is a pressure for a copy of an edition, or for a copy of another edition concerns. It can also be determined by pressure variations by evaluating whether the pressure at the beginning, or rather at the end of printing was prepared.
Without the presence of multiple copies / pressure variations of a (presumed) edition of the comparison is not possible. The reconstruction the printing process of pressure would ideally most accurate possible if all copies (!) an edition existed, which in reality is never the case. Hence for the determination of pressure variations that, ideally, as many surviving copies of a conditions shall be used as possible.
8.1. Important terms
be first explained the four main concepts that are used below häuftig: circulation, printing, issue and record condition.
edition (edition) sum total of specimens for predominantly from the same set of process originate.
impression (impression) : the specimens that were removed at some point by a phrase that may include a support multiple impressions, when the unchanged rate is re-used after a certain period of time.
edition (issue) , copies that were printed as a deliberately planned unit and published.
set state (state) : any intentional or unintentional variations within a print.
There are four different Variance of species that can be detected by these comparative studies. These include 3 types of internal pressure variation, namely satzindifferente variance , internal rate variance , rate differente variance and a 4th differents sets of pressure (Novi Sad).
8.3. Satzindifferente variance
Satzindifferente variance is not caused by changes in the level but by the use of different materials, such as rough paper on which the ink is incomplete liable and so changed the image.
characteristics profile for the case "Satzindifferente Variance:
- Variation: Cover, equipment, papers, self-Grade (various issues), formats.
- remain the same: types.
The most important feature of the satzindifferenten variance, as already mentioned, that no variance by changing the record is created, but by using different materials and their impact on the image. Examples of these are changing bindings, trimmings, paper, independence degree, or styles: everything außertextliche features, but the sentence and Textverderbnis may result and give rise to corrections; remain the same types, even in the correct order of the types.
But other reasons may be responsible for a different appearance of the pressure, without that there must be either re-setting or set of internal variance: So it was common practice in community for the purpose of rationalization, a set of new, more or less heavily on printing forms to redistribute to form such a luxury edition or a folio, or use the set of the individual works for the printing of the total output again to.
There are 3 ways to produce different outputs:
- combined group and individual output ,
- Umschussausgabe ,
- break issue.
see this in detail as follows:
characteristic profile of the combined single and multiple output :
variance: running headings, pagination, arch standard.
remain identical: types, line (length + content), leading (line spacing) column.
reason: Simultaneous production and sale of various issues, without setting new. Example: The Collected Works vs. single work.
The simultaneous production of a text as a single issue and as part of a book was particularly in the 18 Century frequent practice. This meant changing the title page, the bow norm, the pagination of the headline. Everything else remained the same completely. Among other things, you have demonstrated this method in works of Lessing and Goethe. One can imagine it like this:
one is made into a separate edition of Faust , then changed to title page, page numbers, etc. and the same set used as 3rd Title of a complete edition of Goethe. Although this course is set to identity, differences can be found in the issues, because while the standing record page numbers, running heads exchanges, etc., you have also the opportunity to record any faults with the same repair. - And it was made quite frequently use. The same applies to the transition and the Umschussausgabe.
The Umschussausgabe one follows a different intention:
This method was common practice:
Here one could use the same column sets for different formats by you rearrange the columns and re ausschoss.
The penetrations were not changed.
is fairly easy reordering from a larger to a smaller format. Here's an example:
four verses of the poem on sheets D are divided in half and for a smaller version on 2 pages verteilt.Hier one sees that this combined as in the collective and individual edition also has a change in the pagination and the sheet count result . Thus, for example, a narrower fourth edition with fine binding and a larger Gebrauchskopert produced in a handy octavo. And when you still used thinner paper, the pocket version not too thick.
an even larger operation in the sentence structure is the break issue :
Here is the layout and / or the format is not only by dividing the column length reached, but also by
- revision of the shots
An example: For a lower level of output has in reducing the strong penetrations. Also possible:
- revision of the shots, and ...
- Change breaks
This shows the next example: Here we wanted to make the column narrower, and therefore had to put in extremely long lines of a new upheaval. Once in a nutshell: the satzindifferente variance can change the sentence, to produce a combined collection and single, Umschussausgaben and makeup expenses. more serious changes in the rate caused by internal rate variance:
8.4. The internal rate variance
internal rate of variance is called with a change of the sentence has already begun to print. Internal rate variance is caused by selective modification of the sentence. Either they
created by
a. the damage to individual types during the printing process (Presskorruptele), or b.
Exchange of one or more types (press correction).
In the following show both versions, with examples:
Presskorruptele
Presskorruptele caused by damage or wear of one or more types during the printing process. Here it's good to see the example of the exclamation mark multiple prints of an issue.
In this case, beyond doubt, the print order to be named.
Press Corrections
Press corrections caused by the intervention of the translator, by these faulty replace single or multiple types. The translator was initially sold out, instead of "T" a "r". This is followed later in the printing output, the correction of "r" to "t"
Here is a somewhat curious example of the so-called "B42".
probably the first translator Deus sat with an abbreviation "DE9", then it must be passed through any religious motives to an alert of the word of God and was reduced at other places the words are. [2]
Why now set internal options for the analysis so important?
The identification of internal rate variance at the specified Original text.
is on the example above to see that only a missing comma changed the meaning of the sentence. If you can
show that the missing comma is determined by the destruction, one can determine the original text.
can thus make the book a contribution to philological science exploitation of historical texts, as already mentioned under the point-RELATED TEXT INTERPRETATION. This print-specific characteristics make a copy or print unique. IT CAN identify a print.
even greater intervention in the form of pressure are in the range of differents rate variance.
8.5. The rate differente Variance
As set different variants are known in which whole columns or large column parts are replaced. It is therefore a part Neusatz . This might be a more comprehensive error correction, it is equally possible that columns have been set due to new censorship. For this replacement, there are 2 terms from the Latin: With " Cancellans " the replacement sheet is referred to as " Cancellandum " we mean the replaced sheet. Whole leaves were shown to substitute for even the smallest bug fixes, for example in the punctuation used. When set differents variance distinguish 3 types of replacement sheets:
Einblattkarton
double-leaf box
title edition
The Einblattkarton is the replacement of a single sheet. For this, the Cancellandum is so cut that there is a correspondingly large rebate to which the Cancellans is adhered.
see an example here is a title page shown on the notes at the right edge of the binder, is replacing what to ... [23 margin]
Here's another example: the left column is a bit shorter, in the right is the upper part of the column stopped, while still below 5 lines added, which the reader addressed.
The double sheet carton means a complete replacement arch, not glued, but involved in the situation, so that you can not see the superseded authority.
Since in the early time of printing no more than once folded sheets, but several layers of folded sheets once used, this replacement was a simple way. Here, several columns can also be replaced.
The last type is the variance of the differentiated title printing.
Here are one or more sheets in addition to the beginning of the book block adhered or involved.
is important: this is not a replacement, but of the diversity of the edition was planned from the beginning. This was for example, different title pages or dedication texts used. Besides the production of internal pressure variations also set differente prints were produced - that is Novi Sad.
Neusatz
characteristic of the re-setting is that the text remains the same, but the sentence is new.
There are two types of Novi Sad: hybrid pressure and dual pressure .
In hybrid pressure Boghardt understands the renewed part of a repositioning of a previously printed edition. This was done whenever it was decided after pressure began to increase circulation. Then you had already printed the part will reset.
The double blow other hand, is a complete reprint. All text is reset.
One variety of the double pressure is pirated. Here the company tries to copy the set of the template as closely as possible. But this can easily prove today. In the 18th
Century Goethe complained about the secret reprints of his works by his printer. He sold back behind Goethe's far more copies than agreeing, without involving the author in the revenue.
9th Kollationierungsmethoden and equipment
There are a number of methods and devices with which one can determine variance.
Boghardt describes this in the article pressure analysis and description pressure [4].
was first here is a brief idea of the possibilities - depending on their historical development - where:
first
second eye direct overlay
third stereoscopic method
4th cinematographic method
5th Color-contrast method
6th Cinematography and color contrasting
7th Use of digital technologies
The simplest is of course the eye. However, the reliability of this leaves us pretty quickly, because many errors are found not so obvious. Instead, it has been recognized fairly quickly that you have to compare the text to be compared exactly above the other. The simplest tools can do, the direct overlay dar.
given you lay 2 sheets to a light over each other. However, this has one major disadvantage: the nature of the book and the light sensitivity of old books, such a method makes hardly possible.
remedy one can at copyable books with a copy on transparency film . Copies can, however, may provide a slightly reduced image. Furthermore, selective defects in the lower copy can not be detected if the top at this point has a sign.
Another way to study is the stereoscopic method.
was used for this developed method named after him Gordon Lindstrand Lindstrand Comparator , for example, at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The device works is that you look through a binocular, where you can see with each eye of one of the copies being compared.
This split vision the effect is achieved that at points congruent two-dimensional images created in disparate places, it is three dimensional, ie have depth.
There is considerable risk of not perceiving small deviations.
The method depends on the vision of the viewer and for internal rate variance is not enough. A refinement of the Lindstrand Comparator is the McLeod Portable Collator dar.
looks an eye while in a small mirror, through which one sees a large mirror that reflects one of the two print images. The other eye is focused directly on the comparison image on the rear panel. Advantage is that the device unacceptable; disadvantage that the method depends on the vision of the viewer. The effects of Collators can be described as follows:
first horizontal displacements lead to three-dimensional effect
second selective displacement rate changes without cause fibrillation / oscillation
third Superposition of a sign and a space seem hollow, incorporeal
4th Size differences between a copy and the original can be compensated by adjustment.
For cinematographic method is representative of the Hinman Collator. It was shortly after 2 World War II for the Shakespeare studies developed.
look here both eyes through a binocular on the same mirror that is in the middle of the table. Left and right than the print images that are placed by mirror systems on the mirror of the viewer by hand to cover. By a change of lighting, which is initiated then, appear different bodies move as they jump into the eye. The Hinman Collator
represents a significant acceleration in the rate comparison. Inconspicuous variants are recognized here by the Motion effect much sooner.
disadvantage for all methods so far is that you do need the originals, or very good copies.
The color contrast method Composite Imaging "was first described in 1983 by Paul R. Sternberg and John M. Brayer. It uses methods of NASA. In the method the printed images are digitized with a video camera and stored in the computer.
By entering any of 4 each, matched coordinate values, the proportions are standardized. Through various coloring and layering of images covers the uneven light or dark points visible. However, you can adjust the number and entering the correct values to make too many errors, which give rise to a distorted picture. A time significantly improved system was then used in Wolfenbüttel. was
By combining the cinematography and the Farbkontrastierung Method of the Composite Imaging of the company Soft Imaging Software (SIS) improved significantly:
instead of adjusting by coordinates valuation process, the digitized image with a still digital image superimposed by a connected to the computer camera directly through the zoom lens for the best size determined.
Then you can still fine-tune on the PC. That's not digitized image is also on a book cradle, the amount of the camera can be set flexibly. SIS also has automated the colored picture change.
advantages: size differences do not matter, copies are used, the sharpness control of the binocular deleted, an optical documentation is possible.
disadvantages: lack of size, unfavorable (landscape) format, low resolution and sharpness of the screen to let only the images of 18-20 lines.
Meanwhile the technology significantly improved: in addition to the professional book scanners of the largest institutions can be carried out with these days simple methods even a good comparison, as the software Photoshop or the free software Gimp.
10th Notations, such as fingerprint and location formulas
fingerprint
The fingerprint is a description method for identifying a Drucks. He was in the 70s of the 20th Century developed and is found in many catalog pictures of old prints, for example in VD16.
The fingerprint is a sequence of 16 characters that are from four sides of a fixed pressure.
rules :
of each page are taken from four characters.
Two from the past year or two from the penultimate row. In the extreme
recto sides sign on the right. In
verso pages the extreme characters on the left.
following pages are selected
first Group: 2 The first leaf recto after the title page
Group: The fourth leaf recto after the 1st
third group Group: The next sheet recto after the 2 Group if this page is 13, otherwise select page 17. If neither side is there 17, so no pagination is present, then the fourth Recto sheet taken after the group 2.
4th Group: The verso side of the sheet of Group 3
Man sets an indicator to which side was taken from group 3. This is Page 3 for 13, 7 to page 17 and C ("counted") even counted in case.
In the end, then the year of the added pressure.
Here you can see an example where the fingerprint is demonstrated. This is an edition of Goethe's Italian Journey printed 1925th
The first figure shows the first leaf recto after the title page, it bears page 9 For the fingerprint, we found the letters d; and or . Group 2 is from the fourth leaf recto after the 1st Group taken from page 17 here There are letters le and he . For group 3 can neither page 13, page 17 still to be taken as already Group 2 was taken from page 17. We choose the last option and found the letters for the fourth leaf recto group 3 to group 2, here page 25, that is, the letter n. and ns. The 4th
Group is taken from the verso side of the sheet of Group 3, here page 26 There are letters ne and egg.
there is the additional C, as we have counted the side for the third group itself. And finally, the year of 1925th
criticism: If set identical
and sentence Differenter variance can change individual characters, not that the whole issue changes. If it is exactly the signs are that the fingerprint detected, so a new edition is incorrectly described. The example of the film shows a double pressure that would result in an identical finger print, is still not the same set.
proposes alternatives to the fingerprint
Boghardt another methodology that is similar to the fingerprint: the signature method . It is used for the Short Title Catalogue Netherlands 1540-1800 (STCN). This
be listed anywhere on the arc signatures, and all characters that are completely above them in the bottom line of text. The reason for this method is the great freedom that the Translator in the positioning, the signature sheet, because the line is at most the claimants, nothing else. 
Neusatz is therefore very easy to recognize. There are however several problems with this method:
- How to decide whether a sign above the signature is really just about it, or only partially, and will not be listed with?
- There could be recorded at exactly the point a press correction.
- signatures with very low position variance could erroneously lead to the adoption of identity.
- In rare cases, "walk" a signature during the printing process. Fingerprint and signature methods are limited to a few control samples.
also describes Boghardt two other possibilities:
The first is the so-called variant method :
It requires a detailed comparative work, and recorded only a few known textual variants of different rates, ie one picks out on any page of the words which are different and listed these Facing. For this method, there are two requirements: 1 It must be re-setting options. 2. All surviving records of pressure must be received 1 each, also available as a copy. So this is difficult to determine with certainty.
The last proposal Boghardtscher copy method is called, ie the imaging playback sample rate!
This method is used, and certainly the safest of all researchers as desired. The VD17, this method is already at the most works by mapping at least the title page, usually even 3-4 sample pages as a digital photo.
situation formula Finally, there is a kind of notation to record options as set differente variance or set differents pressure, as well as the structure and completeness of the documents.
it is given the "situation formula, where you really should be "able formulas" say, because there are different codes - what a single, clear description does not make that easy. And, if you want to cover all eventualities, it is quite complicated. Initially, only the features are presented, where are the researchers agree, and represent the most important description tools.
The most important is undoubtedly the use of the alphabet: The Gatherings, the letters J (= I), U (= V), W away; the alphabet thus consists of 23 letters . It should but the safety check: In rare cases, one or other of the three missing letters is still there.
starts with the format specification with a colon.
Then follow the situation as an accurate reflection signatures.
The number of individual leaves of a location is specified with high numbers behind the letter.
multiple letters are listed with Arabic numerals in front of the letter. Frequently, special characters for the first sheet with dedication, title, content, register, etc. are used: *, &, (), or no signature. Special characters will be accepted. A missing signature will be supplemented with square brackets (to RAK-WB) or italic (by Gaskell).
11th Conclusion
The Analytical Pressure Research shows that any pressure from the age of the hand set is unique. By detecting the variations and the collation of all variations of a print output can thus be drawn about the manufacturing process, the place of manufacture, date of printing, the quality of the original text and the membership of an issue. For working with old stock, this is a valuable technique for determining whether it is an original (eg, a first edition), or other specific issue, or not.
To verify this, it is enough can send copies to the pressure of holding a leading library and then to check the recordings of their own copy.
Using the Gimp graphics program provides the technical framework for comparing the printed image. Also, other methods of analytical pressure research, allowing comparison of how the layer structure, watermarks and waste more detailed statements about the pressure. The pressure
Analytical Research collects clues to consolidate hypotheses. Evidence is less well known, as evidence, but more than assertions.
can therefore only a bundle of features, such as paper type, layer structure, waste paper, binding, but also strengthen type record and print a hypothesis and for example the place of printing and the printing year determined.
This approach makes sense but with all the special appeal of working with old stock.
12th Selected Literature
The following are the most important works for the preparation of this text. A detailed reading list is the appropriate point in the general literature, see list on this page.
first Taken from: Pianos, Tamara: The Canterbury Tales Project. Challenges and lessons learned by digitization, transcription, and computer analysis of medieval manuscripts. In: Library and Science 36 (2003), p. 95-150. P. 109, footnote 31
second Tomioka, Mari: Fine detail: Collating the Gutenberg Bible with digital images. Keio University, Japan: MA 2,001th
third Boghardt, Martin: Analytical Pressure Research. A methodological review of an individual and textual criticism. Hamburg: Hauswedell 1977th
4th Boghardt, Martin: analysis of pressure and pressure description. For the identification and designation of identity sentence and the sentence of internal variance. In: Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 1995th P. 202-220.
5th Haebler, Konrad (1905): Typenrepertorium of Incunabula (6 vols). Hall: Rudolf main 1905th (Library collection of scientific works). Signature: GM H 6
(author: André Horch, Christina Schmitz)
were originally attached two book closing, where now only the lower one is obtained. This is a metal buckle with a metal hinge. It is simple, small and simply decorated with a small diamond pattern, circles, dots and lines. 
